求理财班市场学导论答案，追加悬赏100分！出钱也行

1. 求理财班市场学导论答案，追加悬赏100分！出钱也行

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　　这是经济学outcome3  Assessment task instructions


　　Read the following passage and answer the questions.

　　Governments are concerned when markets fail and often intervene. This is particularly important when public and merit goods are involved.

　　Recently the UK government intervened in two particular cases. The first case involved supermarkets; the second, TV companies.

　　A decision by government to allow Morrisons to bid to take over Safeway involved them blocking rival bids by Tesco, Sainsbury, and ASDA.

　　At the same time, they allowed the merger of Carlton and Granada to go ahead. This created a company, which would have a substantial share of the market. There were rumours that this new consortium would, in the near future, possibly take over the Scottish, Grampian and Border TV stations leading to a ‘monopoly’ situation with one large ITV company for the whole of the UK.

　　The UK government is committed to competition but there seem to be occasions when it allows a dominant force in a market.

　　Government uses several different policies to cope with market failure and often has to address the problem of externalities. London has recently introduced a congestion charge and Edinburgh Council is considering something similar in order to reduce the use of private cars in these cities. The Green Party has long held a policy to reduce traffic congestion by advocating greater use of public transport. These policies are designed to address negative externalities.

　　With global warming a major concern for the future, there appears to be greater pressure on government to intervene in market failureAnswer the following questions:

　　What is meant by public and merit goods?  Give an example of each.


　　（1）哈耶克对公共产品的定义为：公共产品并不是对任何特定的需求的直接满足,而是对某些条件的保障,从而使个人和较小的群体在这些条件下得以享有较有利的机会以满足彼此的需求.
　　（2）Merit goodA good (or service) which some "outside analyst" considers to be intrinsically desirable, uplifting or socially valuable for other people to consume, independently of the actual desires or preferences of the consumer himself. In the case of such goods, it is sometimes held that free consumer choice is inappropriate, and therefore that if many consumers left to themselves are unwilling to purchase "appropriate" quantities of such goods, they should be encouraged or even compelled to consume them anyway. Such arguments are often employed in an effort to justify government intervention in the market place to provide such alleged merit goods to the citizenry, either through direct government provision of the good at no cost to the consumer or through payment of tax-financed government subsidies that enable private providers to sell the good far below its true costs of production. Typical examples of alleged merit goods might include various forms of "higher culture" often ignored by "lowbrows" (grand opera and ballet performances, museums, uplifting documentaries or talking heads shows on PBS TV stations), the services of the clergy of The One True Religion, schoolroom instruction for children, etc
　　（3）From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
　　Merit goods:The concept of a merit good introduced in economics by Richard Musgrave (1957, 1959) is a commodity which is judged that an individual or society should have on the basis of some concept of need, rather than ability and willingness to pay. The term is, perhaps, less often used today than it was in the 1960s to 1980s but the concept still lies behind many economic actions by governments which are not performed specifically for financial reasons or by supporting incomes (eg via tax rebates). Examples include the provision of food stamps to support nutrition, the delivery of health services to improve quality of life and reduce morbidity, subsidized housing and arguably education.
　　(4

　　举例子：比如医疗系统，
　　Public goods
　　(1)
　　It is not practically possible to charge for the use of the good
　　The cost of the good is indivisible, so that its marginal cost is zero
　　(2)
　　GLOBAL PUBLIC GOODS: A NEW WAY TO BALANCE THE WORLD’S BOOKS
　　What is a public good?
　　Public goods are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption. An example is a street sign. It will not wear out, even if large numbers of people are looking at it; and it would be extremely difficult, costly and highly inefficient to limit its use to only one or a few persons and try to prevent others from looking at it, too. A traffic light or clean air is a further example.
　　(3)
　　From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
　　In economics, a public good is a good that is non-rivalrous and non-excludable. Non-rivalry means that consumption of the good by one individual does not reduce availability of the good for consumption by others; and non-excludability that no one can be effectively excluded from using the good.[1] In the real world, there may be no such thing as an absolutely non-rivaled and non-excludable good; but economists think that some goods approximate the concept closely enough for the analysis to be economically useful.
　　(4) A public good is a good that it is difficult to charge for, perhaps for political reasons, perhaps because it is physically difficult to charge for it.  Lots of people benefit, whether they paid for it or not. As a result, people are disinclined to pay for it, so absent state intervention, the good tends to be underprovided.  A lighthouse is a public good, since you cannot stop people from taking advantage of it regardless of whether they have paid for it.  Economists say it is “non excludable” – those who provide it have difficulty excluding those who will not pay.   They also say it is “non rivalrous”.  One person using a lighthouse does not diminish someone else's use of the lighthouse.  If a good is non excludable, but rivalrous, they call it a “commons”, leading to the “the tragedy of the commons” – that stuff that cannot be owned and defended tends to be overused, misused and abused.  The fish in the ocean are a commons, and so tend to be overfished.
　　举例：道路，交通系统

　　Explain why the Government allowed the merger of Carlton and Granada while refusing Tesco, Sainsbury and ASDA the opportunity of taking over Safeway.
　　拒绝超市合并的原因：1不想一个大的公司占据市场太大的份额，限制公平竞争，可能会造成企业抬高价格，谋取高额利润，违反公众利益，

　　为什么允许电视运营商合并？
　　1 电视市场要求竞争减少
　　2 因为电视市场和超市不一样， 特殊性
　　3，获取广告的途径比较窄，如果合并后，规模更大，能更容易获得广告，
　　4 新的大公司能够有新的产品被创造出来，因为规模大，运行更加有效，能够降低成本。


　　market failure and why governments intervene.
　　Market failure:
　　(1)
　　Market failure :This occurs when there is an inefficient allocation of resources in a free market.  There are many different types of market failure:
　　Externalities (positive and negative)
　　Merit and De merit goods
　　Public Goods
　　Monopoly Power
　　Inequality
　　Factor Immobility
　　Agriculture
　　Key Terms in Market Failure
　　Externalities:           These occur when a third party is affected by the decisions and actions of others.
　　(2)An economic term that encompasses a situation where, in any given market, the quantity of a product demanded by consumers does not equate to the quantity supplied by suppliers. This is a direct result of a lack of certain economically ideal factors, which prevents equilibrium.
　　有些问题市场无法解决，因此需要政府进行干预来解决这些问题
　　造成市场失败的原因：限制竞争 不能提供public and merit产品, Externalities (positive and negative) Inequality ,Factor Immobility

3. SQA HND大二经济学导论OUTCOME1答案

SteamScot is a privately run rail company, which provides steam train journeys in Scotland.  At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors.
 
The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade, and with the help of various grants available, they are considering an expansion of its operations. However, it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces.
 
It is estimated that in the coming year it will have ￡2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William, or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes.
 
A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats, visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years, but that European visitors are likely to increase as the Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland (the tourist organisation) will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country.
 
The board of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricing but are unsure if this is a wise move. At present the average price of a journey is ￡4 and 60,000 tourists use the services. A report commissioned by the board on price, supply and demand is shown on the following table.
 
Price of tickets Quantity demanded Quantity supplied
￡6 20,000 100,000
￡5 40,000 80,000
￡4 60,000 60,000
￡3 80,000 40,000
￡2 100,000 20,000
￡1 120,000 0

4. HND经济学导论outcome1答案关于WJE

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5. HND outcome2 经济学导论

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6. 求市场学导论 outcome2 答案。

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7. 跪求HND答案，SQA理财，商管，会计都要！

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8. 北航HND都有什么班

北航HND项目有国际贸易、国际金融、电子商务、电子工程和软件开发几个专业。

电子工程课程包括：
    沟通实用技巧、工程数学1: 电力电子、单项交流电、模拟电子原理、组合逻辑、
电子构造技巧 、应用软件、模拟电子原理 、时序逻辑、电子测试技能、高级工程软件、印刷电路板设计、制作和测试、逻辑控制程序的应用(可编程逻辑控制器的应用) 、工程数学2、评分单元1: 考试 、商业意识与职业发展 、电子网络和谐振、无线通信基本原理(电信基础)、现行的电子电路(有源电子电路) 、中规模集成电路、可编程逻辑器件、微处理汇编语言设计、布置小型局域网、信号处理和调整的应用、电子故障定位、可编程场效应门阵裂、电源电路、高级语言：外部输入输出转换、评分单元2：工程实践    
      就业方向：软件开发工程师、程序设计工程师、软件测试工程师、网站开发工程师等工作;

软件开发课程包括：
     计算机体系结构、计算机操作系统1、信息技术：应用软件1、互联网：互联网客户服务、互联网：电子商务入门、结构化查询语言、项目管理 、软件开发: 数组结构、软件开发: 事件驱动程序设计、系统开发概论、软件开发: 设计、系统开发: 结构化设计方法(初级) 、团队协作、HNC综合学分考试评定、信息技术: 应用软件2 、计算机中的专业问题 、软件开发:链式数据结构、软件开发: 关系型数据库系统 、软件开发: 结构程序、系统开发: 结构设计方法、软件开发：面向对象编程   

    就业方向：从事软件开发工程师、程序设计工程师、软件测试工程师、网站开发工程师等工作

国际贸易的课程包括： 
       商法导论、商务契约关系、商务会计、经济学导论、人力和组织管理 、商务沟通技巧、国际营销导论、国际市场组合 、商务信息与通讯技术、商务文化与策略、记分单元1、经济学Ⅰ:微观与宏观理论及其应用、经济学Ⅱ:世界经济、财政预算、国际惯例、出口援助资源、出口、财务报表分析、国际物流 、国际商业组织、记分单元2
      就业方向：在海关、银行、商检机关、国际贸易进出口公司、政府外经贸管理部门、外经贸专业公司、企业中外经贸经营部门、外资企业从事国际贸易管理及实际业务工作。如：报关员、国际结算员、外贸采购、项目管理、市场营销、物流管理等。

国际金融课程包括：
      商务会计、商务导论、商务沟通技巧、客户服务文化构建、经济学导论、金融学导论、信息技术：应用软件1、人力与组织管理、市场学导论、个人理财服务、保险原理、经济学2：世界经济、国际贸易融资、金融服务业规范、所得税、信息技术：应用软件2、投资学、养老金规划、个人和商业信贷 、财政预算 、计分单元1、计分单元2、计分单元3 

国际商务课程有：
      商务会计、商法导论、商务沟通技巧 、客户服务文化构建 、经济学导论、经济学Ⅰ:微观与宏观理论及其应用、信息技术:应用软件Ⅰ、人力和组织管理、市场学导论、软件包应用、人发展规划、人力资源管理导论、记分单元1、商务行为技巧 、商务契约关系、商务文化与策略、
经济学Ⅱ:世界经济、商务信息与通讯技术、财政预算 、商务统计学、记分单元2、员工培训与开发、演示技巧 、国际营销导论 、记分单元3