什么是艺术市场?对我们有什么影响!和当今社会有点什么重大联系!如何面对!

2024-05-11 14:52

1. 什么是艺术市场?对我们有什么影响!和当今社会有点什么重大联系!如何面对!

艺术市场,请见百度百科。 http://baike.baidu.com/view/377705.htm 

以下,供参考,看完之后,你应该能找到问题的答案。

何谓艺术市场
文/黄文叡

新的一年新的开始,对艺术市场也有种新的期待。但大部份人还沉醉在去年辉煌的成交纪录中,却忘了这个市场仍有一个最基本的问题尚待解决,那就是市场机制的问题。市场回暖、买气回升,固然值得雀跃,但过度的人为炒作,凌驾了市场应有的机制,即使缔造了高成交率,却也是高风险的起始。在一年复始之际,不妨先从一些市场的基本概念谈起,敢问,何谓艺术市场?

所谓艺术市场便是艺术品的交易。艺术品的交易在市场上一般可概分为三大类——纯艺术(Fine Arts)、古董(Antiques)和收藏性艺术品(Art Collectibles)。纯艺术主要包括绘画、雕塑、装置和摄影;古董则以陶瓷、家具和古玩为主;而收藏性艺术品的项目便多而杂,举凡玩具、古钱、邮票、旧海报等,只要有一定的流通量,且有人买卖,都可视为此类艺术品。艺术品的交易通常以上述三大类为骨架,再依作品的年代、风格、媒介和形制作细分。

如以年代为依据,西洋艺术就概分为早期大师作品(old masters)、印象派作品、现代艺术作品及战后和当代作品,而中国艺术可概分为古代、近现代和当代;论风格,光现代艺术就涵盖立体派、野兽派、达达、抽象表现主义等不同时代风格和巴黎画派、蓝骑士、灰罐等不同画派;而媒介光绘画一项就有油彩、粉彩、胶彩、蛋彩、亚克力、铅笔画等不胜枚举。

如以安迪·沃霍尔(Andy Warhol,1928~1987)的《橘色玛丽莲·梦露》(Orange Marilyn,1964)为例,一般将之归类为战后波普艺术时期的绢印作品。战后指的是它的年代,波普艺术(Pop Art)讲的是它的风格,绢印便是它的媒介。再如一件中国明代洪武年间釉里红缠枝牡丹纹玉壶春瓶,年代是明洪武年,风格是釉里红缠枝牡丹纹,而玉壶春瓶便是它的形制。

艺术市场的操作,又可概分为一级市场(primary market)和二级市场(secondary market) 。所谓一级市场就是艺术品流入市场的第一个渠道,一般指的是艺术家的经纪商。经纪商通常是画廊的经营者,透过画廊空间定期展示、销售所代理的艺术家作品。但画廊又有所谓的商业画廊(commercial gallery)和非营利画廊(not-for-profit gallery)之分。商业画廊有的经营新兴艺术家、有的只买卖己成名艺术家的作品;经营新兴艺术家的画廊通常与艺术家对分作品销售所得,而买卖较高价位且已成名艺术家作品的画廊,通常靠差价来赚取利润。

另外尚有一种私人中介(private dealer) ,没有店面或只接受预约(by appointment only)、或只对特定客户提供服务,靠居中穿线达成交易,从中赚取佣金或差价。但不管是哪个角色,皆熟谙艺术市场的动态与操作手法,有别于非营利画廊的经营——往往只能在有限的资源下,推介、展示新兴艺术家的作品,社会功能性大过市场性。

而所谓的二级市场,就是艺术品从经纪商手上卖走后,经回流(resale)进入拍卖场。如以当代艺术品为例,一级市场的价格往往是最低价,回流进入拍卖场后,价格往往因流通和竞价而攀升;但就已成名且具市场价格的作品而言,像毕加索的作品,经纪商的价格可能高于拍卖价,因艺术家已去世无从代理且无新作问世,经纪商往往只能从拍卖场竞标取得作品,再加上自身利润,售价便高于拍卖价。所以买什么作品,从哪里买,用什么价格买都是学问。

什么是艺术市场?对我们有什么影响!和当今社会有点什么重大联系!如何面对!

2. 世界油画至今拍卖最高价的作品是。。。价格是。。。

以下是目前世界交易价格最昂贵的前五名排行榜:

1.【No. 5, 1948】《第五号》
画家:波洛克 (Jackson Pollock),1948年作品
交易年份:2006
交易价格:一亿四千万美金
图片连结:
http://images.artnet.com/images_US/magazine/news/artmarketwatch/artmarketwatch11-3-06-1.jpg


2.【Woman III】《女子 III》
画家:昆林 (Willem de Kooning),1953年作品
交易年份:2006
交易价格:一亿三千七百五十万美金
图片连结:
http://angelovgallery.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/woman3.jpg 

3.【Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I】《艾蒂儿画像一号》
画家:克林姆 (Gustav Klimt),1907年作品
交易年份:2006
交易价格:一亿三千五百万美金
图片连结:
http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/45468/1/Portrait-Of-Adele-Bloch-Bauer-I.jpg

4.【Portrait of Dr. Gachet】《嘉舍医师的画像》
画家:梵高 (Vincent van Gogh),1890年作品
交易年份:1990
交易价格:八千两百五十万美金(折合现在币值,估算现值约一亿三千六百万美金)
图片连结:
http://supriyapillai.com/db1/00067/supriyapillai.com/_uimages/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg

5.【Bal du moulin de la Galette】《煎饼磨坊的舞会》
画家:雷诺瓦(Pierre-Auguste Renoir),1876年作品
交易年份:1990
交易价格:八千两百五十万美金(折合现在币值,估算现值约一亿二千八百八十万美金)
图片连结:
http://encres.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/renoir-le-bal-du-moulin-de-la-galette.jpg 


毕加索的《拿著烟斗的男孩》(Boy with a Pipe)
目前排名第6

3. 请教高手,这段该怎么翻译呢?

艺术品市场一个世纪里最长的牛市以一场拍卖达米安·赫斯特的56件作品的引人注目的盛况而告终。那场名为“美丽永驻脑海”的拍卖会是2008年9月15日(见图),由伦敦的索斯比拍卖公司进行的。除两件作品之外,余下的都卖出去了,总得款为7千多万英镑,创造了个人艺术家单场拍卖会的记录。这是一场最后的胜利。拍卖人高声叫价时,纽约华尔街最古老的银行之一,雷曼兄第,申请了破产。

请教高手,这段该怎么翻译呢?

4. 请高手帮忙用英文翻译一段摘要,不要软件翻译的,谢谢

Fine quality and favorable price are essential to the sales of a product, but these alone are not enough. In reality, some products are neither inferior in quality nor weak in demand, but their sales figures are miserable because the marketing measures are too insufficient and too conservative. Marketing is an art more than a measure. In a sense, market competition is a competition of intellegence and strategy. Therefore, to make a product popular on the market and have the enterprise stand invincible, innovative marketing art must be pursued or created. By analyzing of application of "induced consumption" in the market, this article summerizes its scheming strategy in the marketing and its principle of concept forming.

Keywords: enterprise, marketing, marketing strategy, induced consumption

5. 澳洲 master of marketing 一年 能否移民?

Occupation 详细 分 
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Building Surveyor 详细点击 50 
Cartographer 详细点击 50 
Land Economist 详细点击 50 
Quantity Surveyor 详细点击 60 
Surveying & Cartographic Associate 详细点击 40 
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Valuer 详细点击 50 
Trades - Aircraft Maintenance 
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Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (Structures) 详细点击 60 
Aircraft Maintenance Engineers - Supervisor 详细点击 60 
Trades - Automotive 
Diesel Fuel Injection Technicians 详细点击 60 
Motor Mechanic 详细点击 60 
Motor Mechanics - Supervisor 详细点击 60 
Panel Beater 详细点击 60 
Panel Beaters - Supervisor 详细点击 60 
Vehicle - Painter 详细点击 60 
Vehicle Body Maker 详细点击 60 
Vehicle Body Makers - Supervisor 详细点击 60 
Vehicle Painters - Supervisor 详细点击 60 
Vehicle Trimmer 详细点击 60 
Vehicle Trimmers - Supervisor 详
参考资料:http://www.3-gold.cn/show.jsp?id=570

澳洲 master of marketing 一年 能否移民?

6. ART MARKET怎么样

但是暹粒的市场也有价格之分,ART MARKET最漂亮,夜景很美,东西的品质相对好一些,种类也丰富,但是价格没有太大优势

7. 比较Primary research(初步研究)和secondary research(次要研究)的优缺点

Primary research(初步研究)
先了解什么是初级数据:
初级数据是研究人员为回答手头问题而收集的数据类型。换句话说,直接从第一手经验中观察或收集到的数据称为原始数据。主要数据可以通过不同的方法收集,即沟通、与受访者互动、观察方法、调查、访谈或通过问卷调查。“这类数据的主要优势在于,所收集的数据是为特定目的而专门针对该问题”。这样就可以从该方法中收集无偏数据和原始数据。这种方法的主要缺点是:成本高、原始数据量大、人口量大、数据量大、耗时长。问卷调查是收集原始数据的常用方法。
搜集调查初级数据的过程就是Primary research(初步研究)
初级研究的优点
1)有针对性的问题得到解决。要求研究的组织对过程有完全的控制,就其目标和范围而言,研究是流线型的。研究公司可以被要求集中精力寻找特定市场的数据,而不是集中于大众市场。
2)数据解释更好。所收集的数据可以由营销人员根据其需要进行检查和解释,而不是依赖于二级数据的收集者作出的解释。
3)数据的最近性。通常二级数据不是最近的,它可能不特定于市场营销人员所针对的地点或情况。研究人员可以利用不相关的表面信息来了解趋势,或者可以找到与当前情景的某种关系。因此,原始数据成为一个更准确的工具,因为我们可以使用对我们有用的数据。
4)专有问题。主数据收集器是该信息的所有者,他不需要与其他公司和竞争对手共享该信息。这比竞争对手对辅助数据的回复更具优势。
初级研究的缺点
1)高成本。使用初级研究收集数据是一项成本高昂的工作,因为营销人员必须全程参与,并且必须设计一切。
2)耗时。由于练习的详尽性,与二次数据相比,准确进行研究所需的时间非常长,二次数据可以在更短的时间内收集。
3)不准确反馈。如果研究涉及从目标受众处获取反馈,则给出的反馈很可能不正确。反馈的基本性质通常是有偏见的或给予只是为了它。
4)需要更多的资源。撇开成本和时间不谈,人力资源和材料等其他资源也需要大量进行调查和数据收集。
secondary research(次要研究)
先了解什么是 二次数据:
二级数据来源于政府机构、行业协会、商会和其他组织以前进行的研究。二级数据也可以在当地图书馆、网络上找到,书籍、政府出版物、期刊以及电子数据库、杂志和报纸也是二级数据的重要来源。好的营销研究应该总是从二级数据开始。已经存在的数据和信息。二级数据的一个优点是,它通常比进行初级研究便宜。在这种背景下,“二级研究的优势在于,在许多公司可能没有资源进行研究的情况下,二级研究的访问速度更快、成本更低。”现有数据的另一个优点是它节省了时间。“二次数据最显著的优势在于其提供的成本和时间经济性”。
(1) 易访问性
在互联网时代之前,访问好的二手数据需要营销人员访问图书馆或等到通过邮件发送报告。当在线访问最初成为一种选择时,营销人员需要培训,以了解每个数据源的不同规则和程序。然而,互联网已经改变了二级研究的访问方式,为所有数据源提供了方便(例如,方便、几乎随时随地访问)和普遍标准化的使用方法。
(2) 收购成本低
研究人员经常被二次数据所吸引,因为获得这些信息比研究人员自己进行研究要便宜得多。
(3) 可能有助于澄清研究问题
二级研究通常在大规模的一级研究之前使用,以帮助澄清需要学习的内容。例如,进行竞争对手分析但不熟悉市场竞争对手的研究人员可以访问第二来源以查找潜在竞争对手的列表。
(4) 可以回答研究问题
如前所述,二级数据收集通常用于帮助为初级研究设置阶段。在这样做的过程中,研究人员可能会发现,他们正在寻找的确切信息是通过第二来源获得的,从而消除了进行他们自己的初步研究的必要性和费用。
(5) 可能在进行初步研究时出现困难
二级研究的发起人经常提供如何收集信息的细节。这可能包括讨论遇到的困难。例如,二次研究可能是一家大型市场研究公司撰写的研究报告。这些类型的报告通常包括一个讨论收集数据的程序的部分,其中可能会披露获取数据时出现的问题,例如高比例的人拒绝参与研究。在阅读了这篇文章之后,营销人员可能会认为,可能获得的潜在信息不值得在进行研究时遇到潜在的困难。

比较Primary research(初步研究)和secondary research(次要研究)的优缺点

8. 求关于美术教育方面的英语文章(最好注明出处)

国际艺术市场包括高级阶段(全球主流艺术)和满足全球主流艺术的某些初级阶段(有特殊性,如电影、电视艺术、多媒体艺术、中国传统艺术、拉丁艺术等等),对于中国艺术市场的经营者、艺术家、画廊、拍卖公司、收藏机构或个人、最重要的是解艺术市场运作机制,这是能否成功的关键,否则一切努力都将付诸东流。

    高级阶段(全球主流艺术): 

    含有大约 100 名艺术家的作品,他们代表主要的展览、艺术媒体、收藏和最主要的拍卖。在某种程度上,这个群体的组成是由处于基础阶段的人群临时或重新组成的。 20 多年前,主流艺术只限于绘画和雕塑,现在摄影、影视的装饰作品也被认同,处于相同的地位。在市场上,他们占据着一些存在异议高价位的作品,通常有以惊人的速度发展壮大。尝试市场运作并不是以作品质量为基础的,还有许多其他因素,这个时期,生活在中国的艺术家没有一个可以稳步的进入这个市场阶段,一小部分生活在国外的中国艺术家已经处于进入高级阶段的边缘。

    什麽因素在引导这个市场阶段? 

    它是画廊经营者、艺术家、上流社会、评论家、以及媒体的关注等的质量、战略组合,特别是成为网络的一部分引导进入这一阶段。一些生活在中国的艺术家处在这个阶段的门槛上。 

    在这个阶段的中国艺术,意味着生活在中国的艺术家从事艺术工作需要考虑国际需求,存在不同的特性,过去是一个领域,主要是亚洲之外特殊的收藏家和自发的购买者。今天我们看到进入这个领域的是中国、亚洲的收藏家,他们与精于市场的全球艺术主流的眼光比较接近。 

    他们参加 99 年威尼斯的展览会,了解国际艺术市场情况,无可置疑,他们了解这一现象不是暂时的。一些人仔细审视进入这个领域并开始注意收集满足于他们标准的艺术家 -- 有潜力的进入全球主流艺术领域的艺术家。这对于以后进一步进入这个阶段的艺术市场是非常重要的,他们沿着次要的艺术领域,然后进入国际拍卖市场。对国外收藏者来说面临着这样一个严肃的问题:相似地位的西方艺术家的作品与之相匹配的高价位。 

    对于中国当代艺术来说,在国际艺术市场没有成功的更好条件,然而,对于中国当代艺术领域各方面的经营者来说,成功绝对需要更多战略上的思考。 

The positioning of Chinese contemporary artworks in the international art market (outline)  

The international art market consists of a top segment (global mainstream art) and several base segments feeding into this global mainstream art (with specific characteristics such as video art, multimedia art, or Chinese art and Latin American art etc.).It is crucial to understand the mechanics of this international art market system for Chinese market players to succeed, be they artists, gallerists, auction houses, collecting institutions or individuals, or authorities facilitating or hindering this endevour.

The top segment (global mainstream art) is made up of the works of a group of around 100 artists. They are continuously represented in the major exhibitions, artmedia, collections and ultimately auctions. The group composition is somewhat fluid and reconstitutes itself with infeed from the base segments. Till 20 years ago restricted to painting and sculpture, photo-,video- and installation works have now reached similar status. They command with a few exceptions the highest prices in the markets, with usually breathtaking rate of increase. The market taste is not driven by quality only, but by a number of factors. At this stage no artist living in China has made a stable entry into this market segment. A small group of Chinese artists living abroad has entered it at the periphery.

What are the factors driving this market segment? It is a mix of quality, strategy chosen by the gallerist and/or artist, fashion, curator- and media attention and in particular being part of one of the networks driving the process. Some artists living in China are at the doorsill to this segment.

Looking at the segment Chinese art, meaning art works made by artists living in China , international demand now takes on a different dimension: In the past it has been a territory mainly for a few specialised collectors and spontaneous buyers from outside Asia . Today we see new entrants such as Chinese collectors, Asian collectors, and in particular the sophisticated collectors of global mainstream art taking a closer look. They have determined that the exposure in an international art context to a broad public as in Venice 99 and subsequent comparable venues is not a temporary phenomenon but here to stay. Some will after careful examination enter the field and start to collect artists that satisfy their criteria – having the potential to enter the global mainstream art segment. They will be very important to take this segment of the art market one step further. They will pave the way for a secondary art market and the subsequent entry of international auction houses. High pricing in comparison to peer works from Western artists of similar ranking is becoming a serious issue for international collectors.

Never have the conditions for success in the international art market for contemporary art from China been better. Yet succeeding will definitely require more strategic thinking from all players in the contemporary Chinese art scene